Originally Posted by
r3volution 3.0
The Enlightenment originated in Protestant and low-church Catholic thought, following the Reformation, esp. during the French Wars of Religion and English Revolution (see the groups I cited above). By the time of the French Revolution, there was definitely an atheist element in play, but this is really just a continuation of the aforementioned. Atheism is, in a sense, the logical conclusion of low-church thinking (a good example being the transformation of 19th century Yankee pietism into 20th century atheist Progressivism).
In the 19th century, low-church groups voted overwhelming Republican (the leftist party of the day), while high-church groups voted overwhelmingly Democrat (the liberal party of the day). This is an historical fact. Around the turn of the 20th century, the pietists started calling themselves Progressives. Over time they became atheists (as did their low-church cousins in Europe) This is the origin of American Progressivism.
Ecclesiastical leveling certainly sowed the seeds for democracy (that is not a good thing), but I'm not so sure about federalism. Even though federalism it fits within the general framework of leveling, and it's easy to see how low church thinking could promote federalism, I don't see how it actually did. First, unlike democracy, federalism was not a new and radical idea; in fact, it was the old idea (centralization was the new idea in early modern Europe). Second, despite the US (and the Netherlands, we might add) there was no big movement toward federalism.
P.S. One explanation for this might be that there's a tension between federalism and democracy (and also nationalism, which democracy unleashed). True believers in democracy have always tended to want the people to speak with a single Collective Voice (or whatever is the asinine slogan), and so the idea of dividing the people into different groups is problematic (we see this today with the controversy over the electoral college, which is "undemocratic"). As for nationalism, you might think it would encourage federalism, and in some circumstances it could, but more often the opposite. In an ethically homogeneous state, federalism means dividing the nation into groups (the very opposite of what nationalists want: see pan-German or pan-Italian movements in the 19th century). In an ethnically diverse state, federalism might seem like a perfect solution, but more often the nationalists in each group would rather have outright independence (see the Habsburg Empire in the 19th century). So, the point is, if low church thinking tended to encourage federalism, that was largely quashed by the democracy (and through that nationalism) which it also encouraged.
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