Immigrant Eligibility for Public Assistance Benefits
Immigrants’ eligibility for public benefits is based on specific aspects of their immigration status and state policies.9 Some key elements of the rules are:
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Citizenship. Naturalized citizens and U.S.-born children in non-citizen families are citizens. They are fully eligible for public benefits like Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), SNAP, cash assistance, and SSI, if they meet other program eligibility criteria.10
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Refugees and Asylees. Immigrants granted refugee or asylee status are generally eligible for public benefits if they meet program eligibility criteria.
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Lawful Permanent Residents. Lawful permanent residents (LPRs)
must wait at least five years before they are eligible for benefits,
but states have the option of providing them earlier.11 After five years, LPRs are eligible for federal benefits if they meet the program eligibility criteria. As exceptions, LPR children have been eligible for SNAP benefits since 2003 and states have been able to restore Medicaid benefits for children and pregnant women since 2009.
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Temporary/Provisional Immigrants. Temporary immigrants (e.g., work or student visa holders) are
generally ineligible for public benefits, including the youth who are categorized as “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals.”
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Undocumented Immigrants. Undocumented immigrants are
generally ineligible for the public assistance programs mentioned above
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