They don't, we do by challenge. There is a plethora of court precedent, American jurisprudence, supporting the limited jurisdiction of the federal government and therefore acts of congress. Before any court in the land can begin to hear a case, jurisdiction of the court must be established. Both physical and subject matter. If jurisdiction is not challenged up front then jurisdiction is assumed by acquiescence.
I agree the 14th amendment is a mess but it did not re-write the constitution. It intended to created a new class of citizenship for former slaves and to ensure that State law applies equally to the original class and the new class.



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