NOTE: Stated within a written document received September 17, 1997, from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Office of the Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Richard L. Shiffin, in response to a FOIA, was the following:
"A fact that is frequently overlooked is that Executive orders and proclamations of the President normally have no direct effect upon private persons or their property, and instead, normally constitute only directives or instructions to officers or employees of the Federal Government.
The exception is those cases in which the President is expressly authorized or required by laws enacted by the Congress to issue an Executive order or proclamation dealing with the legal rights or obligations of members of the public. Such as issuance of Selective Service Regulations, establishment of boards to investigate certain labor disputes, and establishment of quotas or fees with respect to certain imports into this country."
NOTE: IT SEEMS RATHER OBVIOUS THAT PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT WAS NOT "EXPRESSLY AUTHORIZED OR REQUIRED” TO "ISSUE AN EXECUTIVE ORDER OR PROCLAMATION" DEMANDING THE PUBLIC (PRIVATE) TO RELINQUISH THEIR PRIVATELY HELD GOLD.
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